Bailey L Arruda

Intranasal and intratracheal inoculation routes as well as aerosolization with foggers are discussed.

Presumed causes of ear necrosis are many and generally speculative; indeed, there are many risk factors associated with ear necrosis including trauma from pen mates or the environment, overcrowding, commingling, high humidity, limited feeder or water space, misformulated rations, mycotoxins, viral diseases, or bacteria.