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Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) are economically important swine enteropathogenic coronaviruses. These two viruses belong to two distinct species of the Alphacoronavirus genus within Coronaviridae, and induce similar clinical signs and pathological lesions in newborn piglets, but are presumed to be antigenically distinct. In the present study, two-way antigenic cross reactivity examinations between the prototype PEDV CV777 strain, three distinct US PEDV strains (the original highly virulent PC22A, S INDEL Iowa106 and S 197DEL PC177) and two representative US TGEV strains (Miller and Purdue) were conducted by cell culture immunfluorescent (CCIF) and viral neutralization assays.
None of the pig TGEV antisera neutralized PEDV and vice versa. One-way cross reactions were observed by CCIF between TGEV Miller hyperimmune pig antisera and all PEDV strains. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunoblot using monoclonal antibodies and Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant PEDV and TGEV nucleocapsid (N) proteins and sequence analysis suggested at least one epitope on the N-terminal region of PEDV/TGEV N protein that contributed to this cross-reactivity. Biologically, PEDV CV777 strain induced greater cell fusion in Vero cells than US PEDV strains. Consistent with the reported genetic differences, the results of CCIF and VN assays also revealed higher antigenic variation between PEDV CV777 and other US strains.
Importance: Evidence of antigenic cross-reactivity between porcine enteric coronaviruses, PEDV and TGEV, in CCIF assays supports that these two species are evolutionarily related, but distinct species defined by VN assays. Identification of PEDV- or TGEV-specific antigenic regions allows the development of more specific immunoassays for each virus. Antigenic and biologic variations between the prototype and current PEDV strains could explain, at least partially, the recurrence of PEDV epidemics. Information on the conserved antigenicity among PEDV strains is important for the development of PEDV vaccines to protect swine from current highly virulent PEDV infections.
Lin CM, Gao X, Oka T, Vlasova AN, Esseili MA, Wang Q, Saif LJ; Antigenic Relationships among Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Strains; J Virol. 2015 Jan 14. pii: JVI.03196-14. [Epub ahead of print]
