Page 4 of articles about PRRS in Articles

Graphic 1: Immune system response of a sow infected by PRRS virus (López and Osorio, 2004).

How do I know if my replacement gilts are really protected against PRRS?

Which tests should be performed considering their limitations, and what management practices to use to increase security.

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Example of the measurement of PRRSV-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cells by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay using a 96-well plate.

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Diagnostic techniques: ¿Can the level of protection against PRRS be measured?

The high genetic diversity of the virus is not only complicating laboratory tests but also the estimation of the level of protection of pigs against PRRSV.

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Figure 1. Illustration of system installation. Devices were installed on the wall to monitor individual rooms (left), and beacons were worn individually by farm employees (right).

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The use of technology in swine farms to help directing PRRS control and elimination efforts

An example on how technology can be implemented in a farm for evaluation of biosecurity compliance using production parameters.

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Figure 1: PRRS time-to-stability observed according to the season when the outbreak occurred. Dashed line represents the overall mean value (43.9 weeks). Each box represents 50% of the data (percentiles 25-75) and the black line within the box represents the median (percentile 50), so half of the outbreaks had a TTS above this line and the other half below this line for each season.

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PRRS time-to-stability variability in Midwestern US sow herds

Do outbreaks in the same farm have a similar time-to-stability? What factors can affect time-to-stability?

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Figure 1. Number of weekly cases (green dots) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA)(blue line) of the proportion of farms at risk participating in the MSHMP from 2009 to 2018. The epidemic threshold (red line) is calculated every two years and corresponds to the upper confidence interval of the percentage of outbreaks happening in the low risk season (Summer). The dates in the black boxes indicate when the EWMA curve crosses the epidemic threshold.

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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome break recurrence

71% of the farms reporting a PRRS break today will report a break within the following two years. What makes them more susceptible?

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Roles of the microbiome: providing a protective intestinal barrier, digesting and metabolizing nutrients, and regulating immunity.

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Fecal transplantation and prevention of porcine circovirus associated disease

The gut microbiome provides an alternative tool for control and prevention of diseases.

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Figure 1. Threshold cycle (Ct) is the first number of the real time PCR cycle when fluorescence is detected indicating the presence of the given pathogen in the sample. The lower the Ct value, the higher the amount of the pathogen in the tested sample. Very high Ct values have to be interpreted with care as they can originate from spontaneous degradation of a TaqMan probe in the very late cycles, despite the lack of target DNA in the sample.

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PCR limitations in PRRS diagnostics

PCR can detect the virus in virtually any material but, does it mean the sample contains the virus and it is infectious? Is any PCR test valid for any strain?

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Picture 1. Using ropes for sampling oral fluids.

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PRRSV surveillance. How could we track the progress towards PRRS control in our farms?

How can we monitor our program? Which pigs should be sampled? How many? How often should we sequence the virus/es present in our farms?

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Picture 1. Gilt unit in North America. Picture courtesy of Dr. Maria Jose Clavijo

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Gilt acclimation to PRRS virus (2/2). Steps to meet the challenge

Four veterinarians talk about gilt acclimation: programs they put in place, how the immune status is measured and special management scenarios for introducing those gilts into the main herd.

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Pic1. On-site gilt development unit. Picture courtesy of Dr. Maria Jose Clavijo.

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Gilt acclimation to PRRS virus (1/2). Are there different approaches for different regions?

What is the preferred exposure method?, and the best status of the incoming gilts?, should they be raised on-farm or purchased?, … Veterinary practitioners from Germany, North America, China, and Spain share their opinions.

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Weaning many piglets is not easy, and neither it is to achieve that the great majority of them have a good quality and weight. Nevertheless it is essential to be able to reduce the use of medications in the nursery. Photo by: Antonio Caballero.

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Are the nurseries becoming complicated? (1/3)

In recent years, pig production has been subject to several changes that have forced farmers to adapt. Some of these changes have a direct impact on the nursery.

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How is PRRS perceived across the world? How is it managed?

Key swine veterinary practitioners describe the “PRRS-ception” of this disease in the most important pork producing regions.

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Figure 4. Weaner pig with respiratory distress and ill-thrift.

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Clinical case: Respiratory distress and ill-thrift in post-weaned pigs

There is an increase of respiratory distress and loss of body condition with an increase of mortality in the weaning and growing pigs…

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Figures 5. Breakdown of returns of sows transitioning to a weekly farrowing.

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Clinical case: Increase of returns: Management or PRRS?

Returns increase in a PRRS-positive farm in the middle of a census increase plus a change of management in the batch farrowing system, from 3 weeks to 1.

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Figure 1. The genome of PRRSV is a single stranded RNA molecule.

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PRRSV sequencing and its use in practice

It is very important to analyze new PRRSV sequences against a broad reference set representing the farm, the system and the region, as well as the sequences of available commercial vaccines (this will make it possible to differentiate between field and vaccine strains).

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Figure 3. Number of PRRS cases per week (green dots) and smooth incidence curve (blue line). The dates in the boxes indicate when the incidence curve crosses the epidemic threshold (red line). Number of participant farms is summarized every season at the top of the chart. *EWMA: Exponentially weighted moving average.

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The Dr. Morrison Swine Health Monitoring Project

Dr. Robert Morrison created the Swine Health Monitoring Project in 2011 and, after his tragic loss, in May 2017 the program was renamed.